From Agriscience to Agribusiness by Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes Elias G. Carayannis Evangelos Grigoroudis & Stelios Rozakis

Author:Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes, Elias G. Carayannis, Evangelos Grigoroudis & Stelios Rozakis
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer International Publishing, Cham

2006

6

26

12

28

28

101

2008

8

17

4

-

-

-

Avg.

9%

27%

9%

19%

43%

Source: Statistics Canada (1999, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010)

The first thing that stands out from Table 5 is that over half of the institutes of higher education are not involved in the development of new plant varieties. Policies vary in regard to reporting, in that about 20% of institutions always require the reporting of new plant varieties, while 15% occasionally have policies of this nature and just under 10% never require the reporting of new plant varieties. Over the decade of reporting, the percentage of institutions requiring the reporting of new plant varieties varied from 25% to 35%.

Table 6 reports on the ownership structure of new plant varieties across the decade in which data was collected. Again, it is readily observable that many institutions are not engaged in agriculture research as 61% of reporting institutions either have no policy on new plant varieties or have no IP in this area. Interestingly, of those institutions reporting new plant varieties, the vast majority of the varieties are solely owned by the plant breeder that developed the variety, meaning that all of the royalties incurred through plant breeders’ rights will go directly to the plant breeder. In just 9% of cases, the institution owns the plant variety and in an equal number ownership is shared between the institution and the plant breeder.

In terms of how institutions manage IP, plant varieties are not part of research activities at many institutions of higher learning (Fig. 5). In comparing research ownership of other forms of IP, the number of institutions reporting that they have no plant varieties at their institution is double that of those institutions holding trademarks of industrial designs. Institutional policy favoring the researcher is evident as researchers retain ownership more than any other form. While copyright residing with researchers is logical based on publication practices, it is somewhat surprising that researchers own such a high percentage of IP in terms of patents and industrial designs.

Fig. 5IP ownership, 1998–2008 (Source: Statistics Canada (1999, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010)

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